1. Bicycle Manufacturing Process Pdf

Classic bell of a bicycle A bicycle, also called a cycle or bike, is a, having two attached to a, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a, or bicyclist. Bicycles were introduced in the late 19th century in Europe, and by the early 21st century, more than 1 billion have been produced worldwide.

These numbers far exceed the number of cars, both in total and ranked by the number of individual models produced. They are the principal in many regions. They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as children's toys, military and police applications, and bicycle stunts. The basic shape and configuration of a typical, has changed little since the first model was developed around 1885.

But many details have been improved, especially since the advent of and. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of. The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including, and.

Wooden (around 1820), the first two-wheeler and as such the archetype of the bicycle The ', also called Draisienne or Laufmaschine, was the first human means of transport to use only two wheels in and was invented by the German. It is regarded as the modern bicycle's forerunner; Drais introduced it to the public in in summer 1817 and in Paris in 1818.

Its rider sat astride a wooden frame supported by two in-line wheels and pushed the vehicle along with his or her feet while steering the front wheel. Bicycle in, England at the start of the 20th century Uses From the beginning and still today, bicycles have been and are employed for many uses.

Xiaoya’s steel wheel rim manufacturing line is used to manufacture wheel rims for passenger cars, trucks, buses, tractors, farm vehicles, and construction vehicles' wheels. According to user’s requirements, we can design and manufacture the rim production line to make 10 to 54 inch steel wheel rims.

In a utilitarian way, bicycles are used for transportation, and. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by, and services. Military uses of bicycles include, troop movement, supply of provisions, and. The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as, and play. Includes, and. Major multi-stage professional events are the, the, the, the, and the.

Bikes can be used for entertainment and pleasure, such as in organised mass rides, and. Technical aspects. Main article: A bicycle stays upright while moving forward by being steered so as to keep its over the wheels. This steering is usually provided by the rider, but under certain conditions may be provided by the bicycle itself. The combined center of mass of a bicycle and its rider must lean into a turn to successfully navigate it. This lean is induced by a method known as, which can be performed by the rider turning the handlebars directly with the or indirectly by leaning the bicycle. Short-wheelbase or tall bicycles, when braking, can generate enough stopping force at the front wheel to flip longitudinally.

The act of purposefully using this force to lift the rear wheel and balance on the front without tipping over is a trick known as a, endo, or front wheelie. Main article: The bicycle is extraordinarily efficient in both biological and mechanical terms. The bicycle is the most efficient human-powered means of transportation in terms of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance. From a mechanical viewpoint, up to 99% of the energy delivered by the rider into the pedals is transmitted to the wheels, although the use of gearing mechanisms may reduce this by 10–15%. In terms of the ratio of cargo weight a bicycle can carry to total weight, it is also an efficient means of cargo transportation.

A human traveling on a bicycle at low to medium speeds of around 16–24 km/h (10–15 mph) uses only the power required to walk. Air drag, which is proportional to the square of speed, requires dramatically higher power outputs as speeds increase.

If the rider is sitting upright, the rider's body creates about 75% of the total drag of the bicycle/rider combination. Drag can be reduced by seating the rider in a more streamlined position.

Drag can also be reduced by covering the bicycle with an aerodynamic. The fastest recorded unpaced speed on a flat surface is 144.18 km/h (89.59 mph) In addition, the generated in the production and transportation of the food required by the bicyclist, per mile traveled, is less than 1/10 that generated by energy efficient motorcars. Diagram of a bicycle.

The great majority of modern bicycles have a frame with upright seating that looks much like the first chain-driven bike. These upright bicycles almost always feature the diamond frame, a consisting of two triangles: the front triangle and the rear triangle. The front triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube, and seat tube. The head tube contains the, the set of bearings that allows the to turn smoothly for steering and balance.

The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the down tube connects the head tube to the. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run parallel to the, connecting the bottom bracket to the rear, where the axle for the rear wheel is held.

The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork ends. Historically, women's bicycle frames had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat tube instead of the top, resulting in a lower at the expense of compromised structural integrity, since this places a strong bending load in the seat tube, and bicycle frame members are typically weak in bending. This design, referred to as a or as an open frame, allows the rider to mount and dismount in a dignified way while wearing a skirt or dress. While some women's bicycles continue to use this frame style, there is also a variation, the, which splits the top tube laterally into two thinner top tubes that bypass the seat tube on each side and connect to the rear fork ends.

The ease of stepping through is also appreciated by those with limited flexibility or other joint problems. Because of its persistent image as a 'women's' bicycle, step-through frames are not common for larger frames. Step-throughs were popular partly for practical reasons and partly for social mores of the day. For most of the history of bicycles' popularity women have worn long skirts, and the lower frame accommodated these better than the top-tube. Furthermore, it was considered 'unladylike' for women to open their legs to mount and dismount - in more conservative times women who rode bicycles at all were vilified as immoral or immodest.

These practices were akin to the older practice of riding horse. Another style is the. These are inherently more aerodynamic than upright versions, as the rider may lean back onto a support and operate pedals that are on about the same level as the seat. The world's fastest bicycle is a recumbent bicycle but this type was banned from competition in 1934 by the. A carbon fiber Y-Foil from the late 1990s Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late 1930s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines. By the 1980s aluminum welding techniques had improved to the point that aluminum tube could safely be used in place of steel.

Since then aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular due to their light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now principally aluminum alloy of some kind. More expensive bikes use due to its significantly lighter weight and profiling ability, allowing designers to make a bike both stiff and compliant by manipulating the lay-up. Virtually all professional racing bicycles now use carbon fibre frames, as they have the best strength to weight ratio.

A typical modern carbon fiber frame can weighs less than 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). Other exotic frame materials include and advanced alloys., a natural with high strength-to-weight ratio and has been used for bicycles since 1894. Recent versions use bamboo for the primary frame with glued metal connections and parts, priced as exotic models. Drivetrain and gearing.

A Selle San Marco saddle designed for women also vary with rider preference, from the cushioned ones favored by short-distance riders to narrower saddles which allow more room for leg swings. Comfort depends on riding position. With comfort bikes and hybrids, cyclists sit high over the seat, their weight directed down onto the saddle, such that a wider and more cushioned saddle is preferable. For racing bikes where the rider is bent over, weight is more evenly distributed between the handlebars and saddle, the hips are flexed, and a narrower and harder saddle is more efficient. Differing saddle designs exist for male and female cyclists, accommodating the genders' differing anatomies and sit bone width measurements, although bikes typically are sold with saddles most appropriate for men. Suspension seat posts and seat springs provide comfort by absorbing shock but can add to the overall weight of the bicycle.

A recumbent bicycle has a reclined that some riders find more comfortable than a saddle, especially riders who suffer from certain types of seat, back, neck, shoulder, or wrist pain. Recumbent bicycles may have either under-seat or over-seat.

Linear-pull brake, also known by the trademark: V-Brake, on rear wheel of a Bicycle brakes may be rim brakes, in which friction pads are compressed against the wheel rims; hub brakes, where the mechanism is contained within the wheel hub, or disc brakes, where pads act on a rotor attached to the hub. Most road bicycles use rim brakes, but some use disk brakes.

Are more common for mountain bikes, tandems and recumbent bicycles than on other types of bicycles, due to their increased power, coupled with an increased weight and complexity. A front disc brake, mounted to the and hub With hand-operated brakes, force is applied to brake levers mounted on the handlebars and transmitted via Bowden cables or lines to the friction pads, which apply pressure to the braking surface, causing friction which slows the bicycle down. A rear hub brake may be either hand-operated or pedal-actuated, as in the back pedal coaster brakes which were popular in North America until the 1960s. Do not have brakes, because all riders ride in the same direction around a track which does not necessitate sharp deceleration. Track riders are still able to slow down because all track bicycles are fixed-gear, meaning that there is no freewheel. Without a freewheel, coasting is impossible, so when the rear wheel is moving, the cranks are moving.

To slow down, the rider applies resistance to the pedals, acting as a braking system which can be as effective as a conventional rear wheel brake, but not as effective as a front wheel brake. Main article: Bicycle suspension refers to the system or systems used to suspend the rider and all or part of the bicycle. This serves two purposes: to keep the wheels in continuous contact with the ground, improving control, and to isolate the rider and luggage from jarring due to rough surfaces, improving comfort.

Bicycle suspensions are used primarily on mountain bicycles, but are also common on hybrid bicycles, as they can help deal with problematic vibration from poor surfaces. Suspension is especially important on recumbent bicycles, since while an upright bicycle rider can stand on the pedals to achieve some of the benefits of suspension, a recumbent rider cannot.

Basic mountain bicycles and hybrids usually have front suspension only, whilst more sophisticated ones also have rear suspension. Road bicycles tend to have no suspension. Main articles: and The wheel axle fits into fork ends in the frame and fork. A pair of wheels may be called a wheelset, especially in the context of ready-built 'off the shelf', performance-oriented wheels. Tires vary enormously depending on their intended purpose.

Use tires 18 to 25 millimeters wide, most often completely smooth, or, and inflated to high pressure in order to roll fast on smooth surfaces. Off-road tires are usually between 38 and 64 mm (1.5 and 2.5 in) wide, and have treads for gripping in muddy conditions or metal studs for ice. Touring bicycle equipped with front and rear, fenders/mud-guards, water bottles in, four and a handlebar bag. Some components, which are often optional accessories on sports bicycles, are standard features on utility bicycles to enhance their usefulness, comfort, safety and visibility., or, protect the cyclist and from spray when riding through wet areas and protect clothes from oil on the chain while preventing clothing from being caught between the chain and teeth.

Keep bicycles upright when parked, and deter theft. Front-mounted, front or rear or racks, and mounted above either or both wheels can be used to carry equipment or cargo. Pegs can be fastened to one, or both of the wheel hubs to either help the rider perform certain tricks, or allow a place for extra riders to stand, or rest. Parents sometimes add rear-mounted, an auxiliary saddle fitted to the crossbar, or both to transport children. Are sometimes used when learning to ride.

And toestraps and help keep the foot locked in the proper pedal position and enable cyclists to pull and push the pedals. Technical accessories include for measuring speed, distance, heart rate, GPS data etc. Other accessories include, reflectors, mirrors, racks, trailers, bags, water bottles and, and. Bicycle lights, reflectors, and helmets are required by law in some geographic regions depending on the legal code. It is more common to see bicycles with bottle generators, dynamos, lights, fenders, racks and bells in Europe. Bicyclists also have specialized form fitting and high visibility clothing. Can reduce injury in the event of a collision or accident, and a suitable helmet is legally required of riders in many jurisdictions.

Bicycle Manufacturing Process Pdf

Helmets may be classified as an accessory or as an item of clothing. Are used to enable cyclists to cycle while the bike remains stationary. They are frequently used to warm up before races or indoors when riding conditions are unfavorable. Bicycles can also be fitted with a hitch to tow a for carrying cargo, a child, or both. Standards A number of formal and industry standards exist for bicycle components to help make spare parts exchangeable and to maintain a minimum product safety.

The (ISO) has a special technical committee for cycles, TC149, that has the scope of 'Standardization in the field of cycles, their components and accessories with particular reference to terminology, testing methods and requirements for performance and safety, and interchangeability'. The (CEN) also has a specific Technical Committee, TC333, that defines European standards for cycles. Their mandate states that EN cycle standards shall harmonize with. Some CEN cycle standards were developed before ISO published their standards, leading to strong European influences in this area. European cycle standards tend to describe minimum safety requirements, while ISO standards have historically harmonized parts geometry. Maintenance and repair Maintenance of adequate tire inflation is the most frequent and troublesome concern for cyclists and many means and methods are employed to preserve pneumatic integrity. Thicker tires, thicker tubes, tire liners (of a number of rather impenetrable devices installed between the tire and tube), liquid sealing compounds squeezed into the tube, and automotive-style patch kits are all used to reliably contain the typical tire pressures of 40 to 60 pounds per square inch that are required for bicycle operation.

Thin, light bicycle tires are particularly vulnerable to penetration and subsequent deflation caused by and other, colloquially known as stickers. Inflation of bicycle tires to pressures higher than typical for automotive use requires special pumps. The complexity of bicycle tire maintenance and repair may cause many to not consider the bicycle for transport or leisure. Some bicycle parts, particularly hub-based gearing systems, require considerable torque for dis-assembly and may thus need professional services. And assisted-service may be available. Some cyclists choose self-service: they maintain their own bicycles, perhaps as part of their enjoyment of the hobby of cycling or simply for economic reasons.

There exist several hundred assisted-service Community Bicycle Organizations worldwide. At a Community Bicycle Organization, bring in bicycles needing repair or maintenance; volunteers teach them how to do the required steps. Full service is available from at a. In areas where it is available, some cyclists purchase roadside assistance from companies such as the or the. Main article: There are specialized bicycle tools for use both in the shop and on the road.

Many cyclists carry tool kits. These may include a tire patch kit (which, in turn, may contain any combination of a or, spare, self-adhesive patches, or tube-patching material, an adhesive, a piece of sandpaper or a metal grater (for roughing the tube surface to be patched), Special, thin wrenches are often required for maintaining various screw fastened parts, specifically, the frequently lubricated ball-bearing 'cones'. And sometimes even a block of.), screwdrivers, and a. There are also cycling specific that combine many of these implements into a single compact device.

More specialized bicycle components may require more complex tools, including proprietary tools specific for a given manufacturer. Social and historical aspects The bicycle has had a considerable effect on human society, in both the cultural and industrial realms. In daily life Around the turn of the 20th century, bicycles reduced crowding in inner-city tenements by allowing workers to commute from more spacious dwellings in the suburbs. They also reduced dependence on horses. Bicycles allowed people to travel for leisure into the country, since bicycles were three times as energy efficient as walking and three to four times as fast. In built up cities around the world, uses like bikeways to reduce and.

A number of cities around the world have implemented schemes known as or community bicycle programs. The first of these was the White Bicycle plan in in 1965. It was followed by yellow bicycles in and green bicycles in. These initiatives complement public transport systems and offer an alternative to motorized traffic to help reduce congestion and pollution. In Europe, especially in the Netherlands and parts of Germany and Denmark, bicycle commuting is common. In, a cyclists' organization runs a Cycling Embassy that promotes biking for commuting and sightseeing. The United Kingdom has a tax break scheme (IR 176) that allows employees to buy a new bicycle tax free to use for commuting.

In the Netherlands all train stations offer free bicycle parking, or a more secure parking place for a small fee, with the larger stations also offering bicycle repair shops. Cycling is so popular that the parking capacity may be exceeded, while in some places such as Delft the capacity is usually exceeded. In in Norway, the has been developed to encourage cyclists by giving assistance on a steep hill. Buses in many cities have mounted on the front.

There are towns in some countries where has been an integral part of the landscape for generations, even without much official support. That is the case of, in Portugal. In cities where bicycles are not integrated into the public transportation system, commuters often use bicycles as elements of a, where the bike is used to travel to and from train stations or other forms of rapid transit. Some students who commute several miles drive a car from home to a campus parking lot, then ride a bicycle to class. Are useful in these scenarios, as they are less cumbersome when carried aboard.

Los Angeles removed a small amount of seating on some trains to make more room for bicycles and wheel chairs. Urban cyclists in at a traffic light Some US companies, notably in the, are developing both innovative cycle designs and cycle-friendliness in the workplace., whose 'pedaled to pitch meetings. when he was raising money from ' on a two-wheeler, chose a new location for its headquarters 'based on where biking would be easy'. Parking in the office was also integral to HQ planning. Mitchell Moss, who runs the at, said in 2012: 'Biking has become the mode of choice for the educated high tech worker'. Bicycles offer an important mode of transport in many developing countries. Until recently, bicycles have been a staple of everyday life throughout Asian countries.

They are the most frequently used method of transport for commuting to work, school, shopping, and life in general. In Europe, bicycles are commonly used. They also offer a degree of exercise to keep individuals healthy. Bicycles are also celebrated in the visual arts. An example of this is the, a film festival hosted all around the world. Poverty alleviation. Men in Uganda using a bicycle to transport Experiments done in Uganda, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka on hundreds of households have shown that a bicycle can increase a poor family's income as much as 35%.

Transport, if analyzed for the cost-benefit analysis for rural, has given one of the best returns in this regard. For example, road investments in India were a staggering 3-10 times more effective than almost all other investments and subsidies in rural economy in the decade of the 1990s.

What a road does at a macro level to increase transport, the bicycle supports at the micro level. The bicycle, in that sense, can be an important poverty-eradication tool in poor nations.

Female emancipation. 'Let go — but stand by'; learning to ride a bicycle.

The safety bicycle gave women unprecedented mobility, contributing to in Western nations. As bicycles became safer and cheaper, more women had access to the personal freedom that bicycles embodied, and so the bicycle came to symbolize the of the late 19th century, especially in Britain and the United States. The also led to a movement for so-called, which helped liberate women from corsets and ankle-length skirts and other restrictive garments, substituting the then-shocking. The bicycle was recognized by 19th-century feminists and as a 'freedom machine' for women.

American said in a interview on February 2, 1896: 'I think it has done more to emancipate woman than any one thing in the world. I rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives her a feeling of self-reliance and independence the moment she takes her seat; and away she goes, the picture of untrammelled womanhood.' : 859 In 1895, the tightly laced president of the, wrote A Wheel Within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle, with Some Reflections by the Way, a 75-page illustrated memoir praising 'Gladys', her bicycle, for its 'gladdening effect' on her health and political optimism. Willard used a cycling metaphor to urge other suffragists to action.

Economic implications. Advertisement from 1886 proved to be a training ground for other industries and led to the development of advanced metalworking techniques, both for the frames themselves and for special components such as, and sprockets. These techniques later enabled skilled metalworkers and mechanics to develop the components used in early automobiles and aircraft., a pair of businessmen, ran the which designed, manufactured and sold their bicycles during the of the 1890s. They also served to teach the industrial models later adopted, including mechanization and (later copied and adopted by and ), vertical integration (also later copied and adopted by Ford), aggressive advertising (as much as 10% of all advertising in U.S. Periodicals in 1898 was by bicycle makers), lobbying for better roads (which had the side benefit of acting as advertising, and of improving sales by providing more places to ride), all first practiced by Pope.

In addition, bicycle makers adopted the annual model change (later derided as, and usually credited to General Motors), which proved very successful. Early bicycles were an example of, being adopted by the fashionable elites.

In addition, by serving as a platform for accessories, which could ultimately cost more than the bicycle itself, it paved the way for the likes of the. Bicycles helped create, or enhance, new kinds of businesses, such as bicycle messengers, traveling seamstresses, riding academies, and racing rinks. Their board tracks were later adapted to early and. There were a variety of new inventions, such as tighteners, and specialized lights, socks and shoes, and even cameras, such as the 's Poco.

Probably the best known and most widely used of these inventions, adopted well beyond cycling, is Charles Bennett's Bike Web, which came to be called the. A man uses a bicycle to carry goods in, They also presaged a move away from public transit that would explode with the introduction of the automobile. Starley's company became the Rover Cycle Company Ltd. In the late 1890s, and then simply the when it started making cars. (in ) and also began in the bicycle business, as did the. Alistair Craig, whose company eventually emerged to become the engine manufacturers, also started from manufacturing bicycles, in Glasgow in March 1885.

In general, U.S. And European cycle manufacturers used to assemble cycles from their own frames and components made by other companies, although very large companies (such as Raleigh) used to make almost every part of a bicycle (including bottom brackets, axles, etc.) In recent years, those bicycle makers have greatly changed their methods of production. Now, almost none of them produce their own frames. Many newer or smaller companies only design and market their products; the actual production is done by Asian companies.

For example, some 60% of the world's bicycles are now being made in China. Despite this shift in production, as nations such as China and India become more wealthy, their own use of bicycles has declined due to the increasing affordability of cars and motorcycles. One of the major reasons for the proliferation of Chinese-made bicycles in foreign markets is the lower cost of labor in China. In line with the European financial crisis, in Italy in 2011 the number of bicycle sales (1.75 million) just passed the number of new car sales. Environmental impact One of the profound economic implications of bicycle use is that it liberates the user from oil consumption.(Ballantine, 1972) The bicycle is an inexpensive, fast, healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transport.

Stated that bicycle use extended the usable physical environment for people, while alternatives such as cars and motorways degraded and confined people's environment and mobility. Currently, two billion bicycles are in use around the world. Children, students, professionals, laborers, civil servants and seniors are pedaling around their communities. They all experience the freedom and the natural opportunity for exercise that the bicycle easily provides.

Bicycle also has lowest carbon intensity of travel. Religious implications The proper for the Iranian women is a topic of heated discussion in both Sunni and Shia Islam. See also: The global bicycle market is $61 billion in 2011. As of 2009 130 million bicycles were sold every year globally and 66% of them were made in China. Main article: Early in its development, as with, there were restrictions on the operation of bicycles.

Along with advertising, and to gain free publicity, litigated on behalf of cyclists. The 1968 of the considers a bicycle to be a vehicle, and a person controlling a bicycle (whether actually riding or not) is considered an operator. The traffic codes of many countries reflect these definitions and demand that a bicycle satisfy certain legal requirements before it can be used on public roads. In many, it is an offense to use a bicycle that is not in a roadworthy condition. In most jurisdictions, bicycles must have functioning front and rear lights when ridden after dark. As some generator or -driven lamps only operate while moving, rear are frequently also mandatory. Since a moving bicycle makes little noise, some countries insist that bicycles have a warning bell for use when approaching pedestrians, equestrians, and other cyclists, though sometimes a can be used when a 12 volt battery is available.

Some countries require child and/or adult cyclists to wear helmets, as this may protect riders from head trauma. Countries which require adult cyclists to wear helmets include Spain, and Australia. Mandatory helmet wearing is one of the most controversial topics in the cycling world, with proponents arguing that it reduces head injuries and thus is an acceptable requirement, while opponents argue that by making cycling seem more dangerous and cumbersome, it reduces cyclist numbers on the streets, creating an overall negative health effect (fewer people cycling for their own health, and the remaining cyclists being more exposed through a reversed effect). Main article: Bicycles are popular targets for theft, due to their value and ease of resale. The number of bicycles stolen annually is difficult to quantify as a large number of crimes are not reported. Around 50% of the participants in the International Journal of Sustainable Transportation survey were subjected to a bicycle theft in their lifetime as active cyclists.

Most bicycles have serial numbers that can be recorded to verify identity in case of theft. Longest bicycle The worlds longest bicycle was created by Santos and University of South Australia.

It measures at 41.42 m (135 ft 10.7 in) long.