There are certain traits to look for when determining the authenticity of a Prada, and tips you can use to help verify if it is real. This guide contains information and knowledge that I have built up over time through experience and researching articles from experts and peers. I'm happy to share what I've learned to help make your Prada buying experience safe and happy. I will update this guide from time to time as I come across new information or tips. I also have a that will help if your are looking at Prada's other line. Things That Come With The Bag These items come with new bags, but not always with vintage ones as they may have been discarded or lost over time.

• Prada Bag Serial Number Check
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Dec 21, 2016 At least the newer Nova Check bags have them and also the Manor bags. The numbers in my Nova Check bags are identical although one is a crossbody and the other a tote. The serial number in the Nova Check bags is CNPANSIM1PAN and in the large Manor ITTIVGRO58CAL; so that's CN for China and IT for Italy - but about the rest I don't know. Inter Pordenone. Il Pordenone ha quasi eliminato l'Inter dalla Coppa ItaliaCoppa Italia, Inter-Pordenone 5-4 solo ai rigori, decide Nagatomo.

If the cards are available it is important to check that they match the bag being offered. See the next section for tips on doing that.

Authenticity card - a small plastic card about the size of a credit card, with magnetic strip and the article number, material name and color printed on. Sometimes there is an additional cardboard card with the same information and a bar code. If purchased from a Prada boutique it may have the store name and date written or stamped on the bottom.

However bags can also be purchased from authorized stores who don't add this info, e.g. I have purchased new Prada bags from Neiman Marcus and Saks online and that information was not on the card. Tips:. If there is no information printed on the card it cannot be considered proof of authenticity. It is probably a fake card. Check that the article number, material, and color match the bag, see the listings of each down below. There are 2 types, sometimes both come together, sometimes one or the other.

One is plastic like a credit card, with the Prada logo on the front and item information imprinted on the back. The other is cardboard with a decal on the back showing the item info. The card(s) typically come in a small black envelope with PRADA stamped on the front. But again with vintage bags they may not always have both cards complete with envelope. Care card - Often accompanies the authenticity card, this is a black folded card with care instructions for the particular material, in multiple languages. Tip:. Check the material named in the care card against the list of exterior materials down below.

Although the Journal is not intended to be multidisciplinary, papers by noneconomists are welcome if they are of interest to economists. The Journal welcomes papers that are theoretical or empirical, positive or normative.

Dustbag. Typically white cotton with a drawstring top and Prada logo in navy or black. Also out there but not as common are navy blue bags with the logo in gold or light blue. The Sport line has a grey vinyl bag with red stripe.

Is It The Right Card For The Bag? Unfortunately the cards can be faked, or mismatched (taken from another bag or even another Prada item). Check the information on the authenticity and care cards against the reference lists below to ensure that they are, in fact, the ones that go with the bag. Article numbers - The first letter or two of the article number indicates the type of item. You may sometimes see a bag offered with a card that clearly is for a different item, for example a handbag with a card whose number starts with '1M'. Here's a list of article numbers that are commonly seen:.

'B' is a handbag. 'V' is a briefcase, portfolio, messenger bag, or waist pouch. '1M' is a small accessory (e.g. Wallet, cosmetic pouch). '1N' or 'MV' is a small bag commonly called 'pouchette'. Tip: Another thing you can do is google the article number, e.g. 'prada br2375 bag'.

You may/not get hits, if you do it can help to confirm the style of bag. You could get hits for valid internet sellers of overstock or older designs, and if so can compare what you could get the bag for new. You may even get hits for sites that manufacture and sell replicas - unfortunately there are lots out there that make convincing ones. Usually these are pretty blatantly advertised as replicas. All this will help increase your awareness if nothing else. Exterior materials - check that the material name on the authenticity card is the same as the description, e.g.

Main articles: and Prehistory The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the (Schukinskaya site on the ). Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered (the burial ground of the, the site of the settlement of the ), on the territory of the, and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. In the 9th century, the was part of the, and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the indigenous such as the and the expanding (particularly the second son of Khan Kubrat who expanded the borders of the )and peoples. The earliest tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the and.

The Moskva River was incorporated as part of into the in the 11th century. By AD 1100, a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of the. Early history (1147–1283). The principality on the northeastern periphery of, grew into the Grand Duchy of Moscow The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of and. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. In 1156, fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat.

In the course of the, the Mongols under burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants. The timber fort na Moskvě 'on the Moscow river' was inherited by, the youngest son of, in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle,. Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother in his bid for the rule of Novgorod.

From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir. Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel. Grand Duchy (1283–1547).

Was built in 1491 Daniel I ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s. On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of five miles (8.0 kilometres) from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Now it is the Danilov Monastery.

Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery. Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, contested with for the throne of the principality of.

Eventually defeated to become the sole collector of taxes for the rulers, making Moscow the capital of. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the. While Khan of the initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination.

In 1480, had from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and, and parts of many other lands. Loan of the City of Moscow, issued 1912 By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight.

In 1883, near the, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 25 miles (40 kilometres) long, the, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected.

Its line is traced today by a number of streets called val (“ramparts”). Between 1781–1804 the (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established.

It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time were the and the, the, the (Riding School), and the. In 1903 the was completed. In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat.

Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – 'raskats'. The was located on the platform of the. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as after it was paved in the 1780s. Was built in 1776–1780 by as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed from station.

When Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon’s was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time.

In 1812, painting by A.F. Smirnov 1813 In the 1830s, general planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. South of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day ) was inaugurated in 1870., in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878.

The suburban was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or, was officially introduced in Moscow, and became Moscow's first official mayor.

When came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly life styles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health.

However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda. Soviet era (1917–1991). Soviet poster, issued on the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The inscription reads: 'Glory to you, invincible Moscow, beauty and pride of the Russian people'. External video Following the success of the, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Saint Petersburg back to Moscow on March 5, 1918. The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state., the tradition of preservation of cultural heritage was broken.

Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with collectivization of peasants; destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932.

In 1937 several letters were written to the to rename Moscow to 'Stalindar' or 'Stalinodar', one from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to 'live in Stalinodar' and had selected the name to represent the 'gift' (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by, he was 'outraged', saying 'What do I need this for?' This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. During the, the State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the were located in Moscow.

In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. In November 1941, German was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defences, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal 'For the defence of Moscow' and in 1947 another medal 'In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow' were instituted. Both and during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.

During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the majority of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings. Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film parodies this construction method. The city of was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along the, and incorporated as one of Moscow's.

Moved to its campus on in 1953. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20th in Moscow was awarded a title of the.

In 1980 it hosted the. The MKAD (ring road) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, it hosted the, which were boycotted by the and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in in late 1979.

In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a by conservative communists opposed to the of. Recent history (1991–present). View of the from the When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991 the Russian SFSR was renamed the ). Since then, a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.

The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The, intermediate between the early 19th-century and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe.

Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as. Geography and climate Location.

Moscow aerial view Moscow is situated on the banks of the, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the in central Russia. Span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet). The width of Moscow city (not limiting ) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).

Main article: Moscow has a ( Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November through the end of March, and warm summers. Weather can fluctuate widely with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer. Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −30 °C (−22 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two. The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and on July 29, 2010 during the unusual. Record high temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, July, August, November and December in 2007 – 2014.

The average July temperature from 1981–2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940.

Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid October, while snow cover lies in November and melts in the beginning of April. On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.7 °C (19.9 °F), in the suburbs it's about −9 °C (16 °F).

The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights. See also: Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1897 1,038,625 — 1926 2,019,500 +94.4% 1939 4,137,000 +104.9% 1959 5,032,000 +21.6% 1970 6,941,961 +38.0% 1979 7,830,509 +12.8% 1989 8,967,332 +14.5% 2002 10,382,754 +15.8% 2010 11,503,501 +10.8% 2017 12,228,685 +6.3% Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow was 11,503,501; up from 10,382,754 recorded in the. Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of, with its elegant, as well as the and the.

The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries. The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aura of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires, but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of 's large-scale effort to 'modernize' Moscow.

Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt.

Many smaller churches, however, were lost. While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.

Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the department store on, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well-known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many 'museum houses' of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city. Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction.

In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century. Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov and metro station. Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and Save Europe's Heritage, are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems. Parks and landmarks.

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the, which was founded by, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. The works of famous pre- painters, such as, as well as the works of early Russian can be found here.

Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century. The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of 's famous and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like and. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow was the host city of the, with the events being held at, in present-day. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the.

However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to. The most titled team in the Soviet Union and in the world, comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and. The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled clubs, is the club from Moscow.

Moscow hosted the in 1953 and 1965. Moscow had more winners at the and than any other city. The most titled team in the Soviet Union and in Europe is. In, has won more championship titles in the than any other team. They were second only to in the Soviet Union.

Was the first Russian football team to win a title., and are other professional football teams also based in Moscow. Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities.

A a result Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR. Is a professional club, competing in the national. Former heavyweights have entered the same league as of 2011. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the. In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times champions. They have also won the twice and six times. Is one of the major clubs in Europe.

Russia was given the right to host the, and in Moscow, the Luzhniki Stadium will have an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium. Together these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats. The Moscow is the seat of power for the Russian Federation. At the centre of the city, in the, is the Moscow Kremlin, which houses the home of the as well as national governmental facilities. This includes and the headquarters of the. Moscow, like with any national, is also the host of all the foreign and diplomats.

Moscow is designated as one of three – the others being and (although the status of the latter is ). Among the 85, Moscow represents the most populated one and the second-smallest one in terms of area. Moscow is located within the, one of within Russia with similar economic goals. The of the city is the that was adopted in 1995. Executive The is the leading official in the executive, leading the, which is the highest organ of executive power.

Moscow City Duma. Main article: The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor. The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 123 districts. The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century, when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development, when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital. The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of. A part of 's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with. In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a 'mega-city' of twenty million people, to develop 'harmonically'.

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own and flags as well as individual heads of the area. In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts.

There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the that exist in some and cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious. Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast. One of the largest financial centres in Europe Moscow has one of the and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's (GDP). As of 2015, the nominal in Moscow reached ₽13,5 trillion 0.22 trillion($0.55 trillion in Purchasing Power ), $18,000 per capita and $46,000 per capita in Purchasing Power ) Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽60,000 ($2,700 in Purchasing Power ), which is almost twice the national average of ₽34,000 ($1,500 in Purchasing Power ), and the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as natural gas giant. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country. Since the, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption continue still hinder business development.

The aircraft design bureau is based in Moscow The is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations, and the as well as and military., and aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow., producing the for Russian and American space programs, as well as design bureau, which built during WWII, but switched to since the, are in nearby, an independent city in that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants and, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. In his trip into space used 'Shturmanskie' produced by this factory.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery is the oldest distillery in Russia producing types, including ' while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. The Moscow Jewelry Factory and the Jewellerprom are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II. There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including companies. Gazprom, the largest extractor of in the world and the largest, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas and electricity companies. Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of and companies, including, and. Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

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Tallest apartment building in Europe. During times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors).

Of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district.

The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat. It costs about US$1200 per month to rent a 1-bedroom apartment and about US$1000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow. A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 ), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in (country houses) outside the city. In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable as well as increasing housing prices within the city. Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey.

However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place. Critics of their methodology argue that this survey replicates the lifestyle that a senior executive would have in Washington DC, counting certain very expensive brand name foreign goods, but disregarding the many lines that are far cheaper in Russia, e.g. Household staff, drivers, nannies, etc. In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the for the third year in a row.

In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.

Science and education. There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.

Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities and the, which was founded in 1755. The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent. The university has over 30,000 and 7,000 students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.

Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to learn the. The named after or formerly known as is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia.

It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow state University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments.

It offers courses for post-graduate studies. Building of the, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees. Since it opened enrollment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its number of international students up to two hundred. The, founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates include, and.

The, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in, founded by in 1919., and were among its most distinguished professors and, among graduates. Founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books — of which 20,000 are considered rare — can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. Other institutions are the, also known as, the, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon, the, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the. Has taught numerous winners, including, and, while the is known for its research in. The highest Russian military school is the. Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in and.

Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the. With different (especially, ) countries have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures and courses for corporate employees and businessmen. Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia.

The headquarters of the are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first in Europe was built, the, and are all situated in Moscow. There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.

The, founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages comprise 29% of the collection. The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, and the. In regards to primary and secondary education, in 2011 of wrote 'Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools.

There are additional payoffs for good grades.' There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow:. (SVO). (DME).

(VKO). (ZIA). (OSF) Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most common entry point for foreign visitors, handling 60% of all international flights.

It is also a home to all members, and the main hub for. (itself a member of SkyTeam.) Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. Most of members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of, and others.

Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation. Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters. Train stations to serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals) are:. The terminals are located close to the city center, along the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travelling for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city.

Moscow is the western terminus of the, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to on the coast. Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations. During the 2010s, the was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. There is a connecting railway line on the North side of the town that connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains. The forms a ring around the main part of Moscow.

Route map, 2017, with planned stations Moscow system is famous for its art, and ornate. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system.

More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new 'Homo Sovieticus.' (Soviet man). The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.

Soviet workers did the labour and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunnelling instead of the 'cut-and-cover' technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout.

Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR. Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily. (300,000,000 people every month) Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro.

In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues. Main article: Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside of, taking some of its tracks into itself as well.

The MCC opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016. The line is operated by the owned company MKZD through the, with the owned selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD. Bus and trolleybus As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses with daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a route and have trolley wires over them. With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system is the. Opened on November 15, 1933 it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.

(April 2014) Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. The newest line was built in 1984.

Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips, because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between of (#1 red line) and of (#6 orange line) or between and. There are three tram networks in the city:. Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya.

This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (0.62 miles) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal). The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38). Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the current problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

The is a projected new part of central Moscow. Situated in, located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The goal of is to create a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment.

The project was conceived by the Moscow government in 1992. The construction of takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude.

Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes. The, completed in 2016, is the tallest building in Europe.

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Also to be included in the project are a and other recreational facilities; business and entertainment complexes, office and residential buildings, the transport network and the. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing, some additional stations were planned. A rail shuttle service, directly connecting with the is also planned. Major thoroughfares through are the and.

Three metro stations were initially planned for the. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005, and was later renamed in 2009. The branch extended to the station in 2006, and all work on third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the station, on the. A Fourth Ring freeway (in addition to MKAD, and the Third Ring) has been designed and is being built around Moscow.

It is to be completed by 2012 and will have a total length of 61 kilometres (38 mi). A rail connection linking the international airports at Vnukovo and with downtown terminals is also planned. In March 2009 the Russian business newspaper Kommersant reported that because of the worldwide economic crisis, which started in 2008 and spread globally, many of the construction projects in Moscow (especially in the ) are frozen and may be cancelled altogether—like the ambitious 'Russia Tower' in 'Moscow-city'.

Skyscrapers in Moscow International Business Center. View from to Other media in Moscow include the, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.